An Introduction to Rogerian (Person-Centered) Therapy

Rogerian therapy, created by Carl Rogers, is a therapeutic technique in which the client  takes an active, autonomous role in therapy sessions. It is based on the idea that the client knows what is best, and that the therapist’s role is to  facilitate  an environment in which the client can bring about positive change. Rogerian therapy is sometimes called  nondirective  therapy because of the autonomy given to the client. The client, not the therapist, decides what is discussed. As Rogers  explained, â€Å"It is the client who knows what hurts, what directions to go, what problems are crucial, what experiences have been deeply buried.† Overview of Rogerian Therapy Carl Rogers believed that all people have the capability to bring about positive change in their lives. He developed person-centered (or Rogerian) therapy as a technique for giving clients greater autonomy in therapy sessions.  Rogers’ approach to psychotherapy is considered humanistic  because it focuses on individuals positive potential.   In Rogerian therapy, the therapist typically refrains from offering advice or making a formal diagnosis. Instead, the primary role of the therapist is to listen and restate  what the client says. Rogerian therapists try  to refrain from offering their own interpretation of events or from making explicit suggestions about dealing with a situation. For example, if a  client reported feeling stressed about the fact that a coworker was receiving credit for a project the client worked on, the Rogerian therapist  might say, â€Å"So, it sounds like you’re upset because your boss isn’t recognizing your contributions.† In this way, the Rogerian therapist attempts to give the client an environment to explore their own thoughts and feelings and decide for themselves how to bring about positive change. Key Components of Rogerian Therapy According to Rogers, successful psychotherapy  always has  three key components: Empathy. Rogerian therapists attempt to develop  an empathic understanding of their clients thoughts and feelings. When the therapist has an accurate understanding of the client’s thoughts and restates what the client says, the client is able to figure out the meaning of his or her own experiences.Congruence. Rogerian therapists strive for congruence; that is, being self-aware, genuine, and authentic in their interactions with clients.Unconditional positive regard. Rogerian therapists show compassion and acceptance towards the client. The therapist should strive to be nonjudgmental and accept the client non-contingently (in other words, their acceptance of the client doesn’t depend on what the client says or does). Rogers’ Later Work In 1963, Rogers began working  at the Western Behavioral Sciences Institute in La Jolla, California. Later, he co-founded the Center for Studies of the Person, an organization that is still active today. In California, Rogers worked on applying his ideas outside of traditional therapy settings. For example, he wrote about education in Freedom to Learn: A View of What Education Might Become, published in 1969. Rogers supported student-centered  learning:  an educational atmosphere in which students are able to pursue their interests, rather than passively absorbing a teachers lecture. Rogers also applied his ideas about empathy, congruence, and unconditional positive regard to political conflicts. He led â€Å"encounter groups† between groups in conflict, in the hope that his therapy techniques could  improve political relationships. He led encounter groups in South Africa during apartheid, and between Protestants and Catholics in Northern Ireland. Rogers’ work earned him praise from Jimmy Carter and a nomination for the  Nobel Peace Prize. Influence of Rogerian Therapy Today Carl Rogers died in 1987, but his work continues  to have an enormous influence on psychotherapists. Many therapists  incorporate elements of client-centered therapy in their practices today, particularly through the  eclectic approach, in which they may combine several types of therapy into one session. Importantly, the essential components of therapy that Rogers put forward (empathy, congruence, and unconditional positive regard) can be employed by any therapist, regardless of their specific approach to therapy. Today, therapists recognize that an effective relationship between client and therapist (called the therapeutic alliance or therapeutic rapport) is key for successful therapy. Rogerian Therapy Key Takeaways Carl Rogers developed a form of psychotherapy called client-centered therapy, or person-centered therapy.In client-centered therapy, the client leads the therapy session, and the therapist serves as a facilitator, often restating  back what the client has said.The therapist strives to have an empathic understanding of the client, have congruence (or authenticity) in the therapy session, and communicate unconditional positive regard for the client.Outside of psychology, Rogers  applied his ideas to the areas of education and international conflict. Sources â€Å"Carl Rogers (1902-1987).† GoodTherapy.org (2015, July 6). https://www.goodtherapy.org/famous-psychologists/carl-rogers.htmlâ€Å"Client-Centered Therapy.† Harvard Health Publishing: Harvard Mental Health Letter (2006, Jan.). https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/Client-centered_therapyJoseph, Stephen. â€Å"Why Carl Rogers Person-Centered Approach Is Still Relevant.† Psychology Today Blog (2018, Apr. 15). https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/what-doesnt-kill-us/201804/why-carl-rogers-person-centered-approach-is-still-relevantKirschenbaum, Howard. â€Å"Carl Rogerss Life and Work: An Assessment on the 100th Anniversary of His Birth.† Journal of Counseling Development 82.1 (2004): 116-124. http://potentiality.org/drjwilcoxson/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/Person-Centered-theory-Carl-Rogers-100-yerars-Literature-Review-2.pdfâ€Å"Person-Centered Therapy.† Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/therapy-types/person-cente red-therapyâ€Å"Person-Centered Therapy (Rogerian Therapy).† GoodTherapy.org (2018, Jan. 17). https://www.goodtherapy.org/learn-about-therapy/types/person-centeredRogers, Carl R. â€Å"The Necessary and Sufficient Conditions of Therapeutic Personality Change.† Journal of Consulting Psychology  21.2 (1957): 95-103. http://docshare02.docshare.tips/files/7595/75954550.pdfSarkis, Stephanie. â€Å"6 Amazing Things Carl Rogers Gave Us.† Psychology Today Blog (2011, Jan. 8). https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/here-there-and-everywhere/201101/6-amazing-things-carl-rogers-gave-us

salem witch trial Essay - 1180 Words

salem witch trial This is about witchcraft and is started like this: In the winter of 1691-92, several people in Salem Village, most of them young women, but eventually including a few men and boys, began behaving in a strange unusual manner†, with an affect which was interpreted as illness. The towns minister, Samuel Parris, whose daughter and niece were among those with this odd affect, sought to cure the perceived problem with prayer; others, including a doctor of physic who was called in, felt that the people in question were afflicted with a witchs supernatural curse, and this diagnosis came to be accepted as true. Friends and relatives prompted the afflicted people to name their supposed tormentors. On 29 February 1691/92,†¦show more content†¦In 1969, Hansen agreed with Starkey that the afflicted had been hysterical, presenting his view with the scholarship and language of the academy. Starkeys hysterical bobbysoxers diagnosis has entered the popular canon and school textbooks, while Hansens verdict of hysterical in the scientific sense of that term† has been accepted as true by the majority of scholars, Demos, McMillen, and even Karlsen, who treat the cause of affliction as settled and go on to other projects. While I see the cause as not settled, I will look instead at the way the same descriptions of affect have produced such mutually exclusive interpretations -- fraud and illness -- and suggest why fraud went entirely out of fashion, after being accepted for over a century, while hysteria came into fashion oddly, only Upham allows a mixture of fraud and illness. I will suggest that these shifts in interpretation are not founded on any new knowledge or new theories of psychology, but grow out of changes in cultural and ideological attitudes, especially toward women, and that they are made possible by the ambiguities of historical documents, by inadequate a nalyses of the explanations that were available in 1692, and occasionally by poor reasoning on the part of the historians. According to Calef, afflictions at Salem first appeared as crawling under furniture, usingShow MoreRelatedSalem Witch Trials And The Witch Trial1494 Words   |  6 PagesFirst of all, I wanted to talk about what Salem Witch Trial is and who are the persons involve in this event. Salem Witch Trials, according to Encyclopedia Britannica is â€Å"A series of investigations and persecutions that caused 19 convicted â€Å"witches† to be hanged and many other many suspects to be imprisoned in Salem Village in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.† There are many people involve in Salem Witch Trials and I’ll be going to describe their role in this event, followed by the different case studiesRead MoreSalem Witch Trials And The Witch Trial Essay2225 Words   |  9 Pagesaccused of witchcraft in Salem Village, Massachusetts, many more died in jail, and around 200 people total were accused of witchcraft during the Salem Witch Trials. Records from the event indicate that the Sale m Witch Trials started when a group of young girls began acting strange, claiming they had been possessed by the Devil and bewitched by local villagers. The Salem Witch Trials is a much debated event; historians argue over the motivation and causes behind the trials and executions, not overRead MoreThe Trial Of The Salem Witch Trials905 Words   |  4 PagesI. Introduction In January 1692, when a group of juvenile girls began to display bizarre behavior, the tight-knit Puritan community of Salem, Massachusetts couldn’t explain the unusual afflictions and came to a conclusion. Witches had invaded Salem. This was the beginning of a period of mass hysteria known as The Salem Witch Trials. Hundreds of people were falsely accused of witchcraft and many paid the ultimate price of death. Nineteen people were hung, one was pressed to death, and as many asRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials691 Words   |  3 Pageswere the Salem Witch Trials? The Trials happened in 1692 in Puritan Massachusetts, in a town called Salem. Nineteen men and women were hanged on grounds of practicing dark magic and making a pact with Satan (in other words, for being witches). Hundreds of people were imprisoned; several died there. Additionally, one man (of over seventy years!) was crushed to death with heavy stones and the lives of many were irrevocably changed. (Salem Witch Museum) IQ #2- How and why did the Salem WitchRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials1202 Words   |  5 PagesThe Salem Witch Trials were a prime part of American history during the early 17th century. During this time, religion was the prime focus and way of life within colonies. This was especially true for the Puritan way of life. Puritans first came to America in hopes of practicing Christianity their own way, to the purest form. The Puritans were fundamentalists who believed every word transcribed in the Bible by God was to be followed exactly for what it was. The idea of the devil controlling a womanRead MoreThe Trials Of The Salem Witch Trials1866 Words   |  8 Pagessurrounding the cause of the Salem Witch Trials 1692 makes the topic captivating as many historian perspectives offer explanations for the causation of the trials, yet the personal context of each historian has determined its historic reliability. This questions the level of objectivity each historian has in their responses to the Trials. The aims and purposes of a historian, as well as their differing methodologies may alter the approach the have towards the investigation of the Trials. Many interpretationsRead MoreThe Trials Of Salem Witch Trials Essay1267 Words   |  6 PagesThe notorious witch trials in Salem began in Spring of 1692. This started after a young group of girls in Salem Village, Massachusetts, professed they were possessed by the devil. These young girls even went as far as accusing some local women of practicing witchcraft. As a frenzy spreaded throughout colonial Massachusetts, a specific court was summoned to hear cases. Bridget Bishop was the first convicted witch and she was hung in that June following her trial. Eighteen other people followed BishopRead MoreThe Trials Of Salem Witch Trials1069 Words   |  5 PagesEven though the Salem witch trials were made to seem formal, they were actually subjective and not based on fact. Since there were multiple people being accused of witchcraft, the trials were short and quick to sentence. The witch trials lasted less than a year. The first arrests were made on March 1, 1692, and the final hanging day was September 22, 1692. The Court of Oyer and Terminer was dissolved in October of 1692. The Salem Witch Trials occurred in the spring of 1692, when a groupRead MoreThe Trials Of The Salem Witch Trials1635 Words   |  7 Pagesovercome was the Salem Witch Trials. The Salem Witch Trials occurred in 1692 and 1693 in colonial Massachusetts. â€Å"More than 200 people were accused of practicing witchcraft – the Devil’s magic – and 20 were executed† as detailed by Jess Blumberg on the web article A Brief History of the Salem Witch Trials (Blumberg 2007). The trials had a major impact on the American society and the effects could be seen in colonial America as well as today. Why did the injustice of the Salam Witch Trials occur and whyRead MoreThe Trials Of The Salem Witch Trials2197 Words   |  9 Pagesestablish colonies based on the word of God. Salem, like many other towns at the time, had little distinction between church and state and focused all aspects of their society on God. (Roach) Due to these conditions, Salem became the site of the largest and most violent witch hunts in America. The significance of the trials comes from the large impact they had on American law. The conditions before, during, and after the Salem Trials were unlike the witch hunts in any other colonies in the New World

The Haymarket Affair - 2094 Words

The Haymarket Affair For many, America is not just the country they happen to live in but also it is a place of freedoms, liberties and independencies and even a refuge for some people. In 1886 though, a group of people attempted to share their opinion in Haymarket Square, Chicago, which led to a dangerous riot and a series of trials with convictions and executions. Throughout the affair, innocent lives were lost, people were wrongly accused, and the judicial system was revealed as flawed. Throughout the trial, Constitutional rights were overlooked in the name of prejudice and because of fear, just to please the public. The Haymarket Affair involved a violent riot caused by overbearing police officers; it also involved unfair trials†¦show more content†¦At the close of trial proceedings, the judge informed the jury that they could find the eight accused to be guilty even if the crime was committed by someone who was not charged. He also said that it was not necessary for the state to know the i dentity of the bomber or to prove that the bomber had read any of the articles or poster of the charged anarchists. Though the judge, prosecutor, and jury can be considered misguided in their bias and actions of injustice, some of the witnesses against the accused are widely acknowledged as liars. In comparison to the eyewitnesses of the defendants, every part of their details went against those of the witnesses of the police. Though the defendants faced prejudice and discrimination, they kept on with their cases and appeals until the verdicts were determined. The attorneys of the accused were Black and Swett. Along with the allegation that Grinnell’s witnesses were lying, the defending lawyers said that none of the eight had intended for any form violence and they even offered proof that some of the accused were not even near Haymarket Square on May 4th. Furthermore along with their apparent innocence, six of the eight were not present when the bomb went off, and the two that were there, Spies and Samuel Fielden were both in plain view of the crowd and police. Despite the logic of the defendant’s case, passion and prejudice led the jury to conclude that the bombing was a direct result of a deliberate conspiracy. On August 20,Show MoreRelatedThe Gilded Age : Fear Of Reform1351 Words   |  6 Pages Finnley Maier Hist 423 Death in Haymarket: Fear of Reform in the Gilded Age The Gilded Age was an important time in America’s development. Chicago was a zeitgeist for the Gilded Age, with railroads flowing in and out from all over the country; its no wonder Chicago became a hub for both economic productivity and turmoil. It was a period of both prosperity and poverty. The Gilded Age was marred by tensions over the wealth gap, political corruptionRead MoreCivil Railroad Strike : The Pullman Strike976 Words   |  4 PagesHomestead strike inspired many workers, but it also revealed how difficult it was for any union to win against the combined power of the corporation and the government. Haymarket Affair: The Haymarket affair (also known as the Haymarket Massacre or Haymarket riot) was a bombing at a labor strike on Tuesday May 4, 1886, at Haymarket Square in Chicago. A bomb was thrown at some policemen trying to disperse the labor rally. The police acted and shot into the crowd, killing several people in the crowdRead MoreLabor Unions in the Late 1800s Essay820 Words   |  4 Pageseight-hour workday, ridiculously low pay and unfair company town practices were often the fuses that lit explosive conflicts between unions and monopolistic industrialists. Some of the most violent and important conflicts of the time were the Haymarket Affair and the Pullman strike. Each set out to with similar goals and both ended with horrifying consequences. The movement for the eight-hour workday was one of the most violent struggles for laborers. Their struggle is defined by protests that wereRead MoreVictorianism And Anti Victorianism At War1188 Words   |  5 Pagessystem had failed. The tensions were finally manifested in a series of strikes with a violent ending. The Haymarket uprising in 1876 was a tragic affair that influenced the labor history ever since. On Chicago’s’ Haymarket square, a bomb was thrown towards the crowd during a peaceful strike against the police violence of killing 4 workmen for going strike on the previous day. The notorious affair was brought to an end in an unfair way against the strikers. According to Mother Jones, â€Å"only those whoRead MoreDivisions Within Trade Unions And The United End Of The 19th Century1153 Words   |  5 Pagesunions as violent and aggressive. This was due to the poor reputation they had created for themselves. A major turning point which caused this reactionary attitude was the Haymarket affair in 1886. A strike at the McCormick Harvester Plant, Chicago, led to 4 workers being killed by the police. This then led to a protest rally in Haymarket Square were a bomb was thrown killing 7 policemen. The violence was blamed on German Anarchists who were a threat to the â€Å"American dream†. American society believed thatRead MoreTerrorism And Domestic Terrorism836 Words   |  4 Pagesin the perpetrator’s own country against their fellow citizens†. Throughout the years, America as a nation has experienced quite a few occurrences of both types. An early example of homegrown terrorism would be the Haymarket Affair which occurred May 4, 1886 where in Chicago’s Haymarket Square, labor protesters detonated a bomb during a rally. Chicago police then responded by firing into the crowd, killing 12 people. A later occurrence of domestic terrorism would be the U.S Senate Bombing on NovemberRead More The Triangle Fire Essay1186 Words   |  5 Pagesworkers were not escape the burning building because the managers locked the doors to the stairwells and exits to enable the workers from leaving early or taking breaks. The Triangle Fire refers to the Gilded Age because the Homestead Strike, Haymarket Affair, and the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire all correlate to how these events exemplify the unfair conditions these workers had face in the industrial work. Many immigrant women went to New York for industrial work in hope of serving their familiesRead MoreInventions In The Gilded Age1140 Words   |  5 Pages having no benefits, and absolutely no contracts. Labor unions were formed to protect American rights. With the Pullman Strike, there was the American Railroad Union (ARU), which was led by Eugene Debs. The Haymarket Affair was formed by McCormick Harvester (Company), with that the Haymarket Square was put together by labor radicals to protest the killing and wounding of several workers by the Chicago police. During a strike the day before these things were occurring at McCormick Reaper Works. MotherRead MoreAnarchism in the Early American Labor Movement2060 Words   |  9 Pagesothers, al l of them notable for their radical views and their contributions to American labor. Albert Parsons might best be known for his martyrdom for the cause of the American labor struggle, having been sentenced to death following the 1886 Haymarket Affair. Throughout his short life following the Civil War and his participation in politics, he was in strong opposition to the federal law at the time which favored corporate interest. He was particularly opposed to the 8-hour workday, which he feltRead MoreImportant Factors Leading to the Gilded Age Essay1749 Words   |  7 Pagesprotesting for eight hour days until suddenly dynamite was thrown at the police and killed or injured dozens of people due to the blast and ensuing fire; this became known as the Haymarket Square affair and inappropriately associated the Knights of Labor with anarchists. The Knights began to wither after the Haymarket affair partly due to the public image and also because of the inclusion of skilled and unskilled laborers. Skilled workers tired of being held back from their unskilled brethren b roke

The Key Abilities Of Being A Successful Leader - 941 Words

I would define success as being trusted and respected by those who are in my life. Having gained the trust and respect of a person to me shows that I have been successful in my job as a leader, friend, parent, and partner. Having the trust and respect of others is one of the key abilities of being a successful leader. Having a positive influence on people is one of the many jobs of being an effective leader. In our book, Clement Stone is credited as saying, â€Å"Analyze your life in terms of its environment. Are the things around you helping you toward success – or are they holding you back?† The same can be said for the people in your life. Are they there to help guide you to be a better leader or are they holding back your abilities of becoming successful. 1. I work with several other teachers at my job. I have been there for less than a year and in that time have grown to trust many of them and consider them friends. Many times they have come to me looking for assistance and asking my advice on certain subjects. Having them come to me with these things makes me feel trusted and respected. A feeling that they value my opinion and truly trust what advice I may give them. A few months after starting with the school, I had a teacher come to me and ask for advice on a certain student and what I would recommend to help the child in the scenario they had given me. The fact that the other teacher felt comfortable coming to me and took my advice showed me that they trusted andShow MoreRelatedEstablishing A Leadership Philosophy Helps Guide Actions, Behaviors And Thoughts1728 Words   |  7 PagesAll leaders wield a certain significant level of influence within their organizations or over their followers based upon their own personal philosophy. Being a leader without considering on a personal level key values that one finds important can result in inconsistent outcomes. Establishing a leadership philosophy helps guide actions, behaviors and thoughts. A leadership philosophy is developed through a combination of internal and external forces that impact an individual over their lifetime.Read MoreTransformational Leadership : A Transformational Leader1240 Wo rds   |  5 PagesProductive transformational leadership abilities can easily be developed. A transformational leader has a trustworthy relationship with their followers. Having a strong bond between a leader and their followers can influence more productivity and incorporate more ethical practices. With this bond, the follower tends to put their best foot forward, taking full accountability for their actions because there is a sense of trust and honor. There are four dimensions of transformational leadership, whichRead MoreJack Welchs Leadership Style1587 Words   |  7 Pagescompetitive advantage, a good leader and his leadership style might be identified as the key factors that drive the company to its success. Even though the concept of leadership has changed throughout the years and it is still evolving, it can be defined as â€Å" a process of social influence, which maximizes the efforts of others, towards the achievement of a goal† (Kruse, 2013). However, how can a good leader be recognized? Which is the most successful leadership style? Are leaders â€Å"born† or â€Å"made†? AccordingRead MoreEssay on Keys to a Successful Organization1205 Words   |  5 Pagestodays rapidly growing market, there are two key components to any successful organization. These two components are strong leadership and effective management. When it comes right down to the more important of the two, leadership leads the way in being the key to a successful business. There are many skills and characteristic traits needed to be a strong leader in the workplace, and many people get confused about the two. Also, one must know why a leader is so crucial by evaluating their role inRead MoreLeadership Is The Process Of Influencing Others For Achieve Group Organizational Goals1031 Words   |  5 Pagesorganizational goals. Leaders traits are drive, the desire to lead, honesty/integrity, self-confidence, emotional stability, cognitive ability, and knowle dge of the business. There are many leadership styles but the most common are participative, authoritarian, laissez-faire, transformational, and servant. Participative, also known as democratic leadership, focuses on gathering opinions from all employees in order to make a decision that reflects the majority’s opinion and desires. While the leader offers guidanceRead MoreThe Following Seven Key Lessons Are To Help Any Beginner1618 Words   |  7 PagesThe following seven key lessons are to help any beginner entrepreneur strive for success with a little more ease than as if they were to tackle it without any guidance. This book will focus on seven key lessons to becoming a successful entrepreneur as well as examples of entrepreneurs that have become successful either following these methods or creating their own pathway through the battle of entrepreneurship. To become and entrepreneur there are the lessons, the theories, the playbook that existsRead MoreWho Is The Best Entre preneur?1435 Words   |  6 Pagesregard to resources they currently control,† and in order to fulfill this role an entrepreneur must possess the qualities of a leader as have been discussed in our time in Project LEAD thus far. Specifically, they must possess a mix of traits that has come to be known as emotional intelligence. The need for emotional intelligence can be clearly seen when analyzing its key components and how entrepreneurs use them. The first and one of the most important components of emotional intelligence is self-awarenessRead MoreA Successful Leader During A Time Of Change Essay1549 Words   |  7 Pagesthat means including all parties involved and or effected by the change (Kumar Basu, 2015). Communication is key and needs to be clear and transparent in order to gain high levels of engagement (Kumar Basu, 2015). The leader here is aware that if the wrong people and those directly affected are not involved in the decision making, the change being implemented will be less desired and successful (Kumar Basu, 2015). Belief Behavior Seven â€Å"Providing clear responsibility and priorities with extensiveRead MoreMy Personal Theory Of Leadership1523 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership As a graduate student approaching her final semester in school, thoughts regarding my leadership abilities in the soon-to-be â€Å"real world† have occupied my mind lately. To further explore and develop my ideas about leadership, I decided to develop my personal leadership theory. So, I asked myself the following questions: What makes a successful leader? How do you recognize a leader when you meet one?, and lastly, what is my theory of leadership? With this last question I thought about whatRead MoreSwot Analysis Of By Garth George1377 Words   |  6 Pagescolumnist, Garth George was impressed when he met John Key, he said that Key is sociable, charming, good-natured, and humorous. He is open-faced and talkative both in private and in public. Advisers would say he is talkative to interviews with reporters because he usually answers as many questions as they want to ask, no matter how repetitive (Roughan 2014, p. 182). Being a prime minister for 8 years, he has done amazin gly awkward moments as a leader. In December 2012, he performed the Gangnam Style dance

Analysis Of Tribal And Traditional In Nature †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Analysis Of Tribal And Traditional In Nature. Answer: World Culture The photo shown is a depiction of a tattoo that looks tribal and traditional in nature. The tattoo can be analyzed in terms of four perspectives. The first is the structural functionalist perspective which explains that a society is made up of individuals and groups that are complex but they work together in order to meet different social needs and ensure stability. It means that members of this particular group put the same kind of face tattoo with similar design and shape as an identifier. This is different from the western civilizations where tattoos do not really identify a particular group since most are unique to the individual. The second perspective that can be used in analyzing the tattoo is the symbolic interactionist perspective. This states that the society has different meanings that are linked to behaviors. In the case of the tattoo, therefore, it may have a meaning in the community to which the tattoo bearer belongs. It may mean that she has a certain status in the community or has passed a certain stage of life hence the tattoo is drawn to symbolize this. It is different from western societies as tattoos mean totally different things to different people. The third perspective is the cultural materialist perspective which shows that different things influence cultural change. In this case, the tattoo can be a symbol of a culture that is changing. The fourth perspective is the feminist theory perspective which examines gender inequality. In this case, the tattoo may symbolize that it is only given to women community because they are considered to be lower than men. The fifth theory is the conflict theory perspective which is a symbol of social or material inequality. The tattoo in the picture can symbolize a person who is of a higher or lower social ranking in the community. In conclusion, as per the analysis above, the best perspective that explains the tattoo would be the symbolic interactionist perspective. This is because in communities, tattoos have a symbolic meaning which can explain some underlying cultural aspects of the community. The tattoo in the picture is definitely as symbol of something in the community.

Market Structure Essay Example For Students

Market Structure Essay Market structure is defined as the particular environment of a firm, the characteristics of which influence the firms pricing and output decisions. There are four theories of market structure. These theories are:Pure competitionMonopolistic competitionOligopolyMonopolyEach of these theories produce some type of consumer behavior if the firm raises the price or if it reduces the price. The theory of pure competition is a theory that is built on four assumptions: (1.)There are many sellers and many buyers, none of which is large in relation to total sales or purchases. (2.) Each firm produces and sells a homogeneous product. (3.) Buyers and sellers have all relevant information about prices, product quality, sources of supply, and so forth. (4.) Firms have easy entry and exit. A pure competitive firm is a price taker. A price taker is a seller that does not have the ability to control the price of the product it sells; it takes the price determined in the market. The pure competitive f irm is a price taker because a firm is restrained from being anything but a price taker if it finds itself one among many firms where its supply is small relative to the total market supply, and it sells a homogeneous product in a an environment where buyers and sellers have all relevant information. Examples of perfect competition include some agricultural markets and a small subset of the retail trade. The stock market, where there are hundreds of thousands of buyers and sellers of stock, is also sometimes cited as an example of pure competition. The theory of monopolistic competition is built on three assumptions: (1.) There are many sellers and buyers. (2.) Each firm produces and sells a slightly differentiated product. (3.) There is easy entry and exit. The monopolistic firm has no rivals, and it produces a good for which there are no substitutes. In a monopolistic competition, it has a downward slope. This means that it has to lower price to sell an additional unit of the good it produces. Just like the pure competition, monopolistic firm charges the highest price it can possibly charge for its product. Examples of monopolistic competition includes retail clothing, restaurants, and service stations. The theory of monopoly is a theory of market structure based on three assumptions: (1.) There is one seller. (2.) The single seller sells a product for which there are no close substitutes. (3.) There are extremely high barriers to entry. A monopolist is a price seeker, that is , it is a seller that has the ability to control to some degree the price of the product it sells. A price seeker can raise its price and still sell its products-Although not as many units as it could sell at the lower price. With the raising of prices by a monopoly, there is no regulatory system or price ceiling. Examples of monopoly include many public utilities and the U.S. Postal Service. The utilities includes, gas, electric, and water. Unlike perfect competition, monopoly, and monopolistic competition, there is no one theory of oligopoly. The different theories of oligopoly have the following common assumptions: (1.) There are few sellers and many buyers. (2.) Firms produce and sell either homogeneous or differentiated products. (3.) There are significant barriers to entry. The three theories of oligopoly that effects its price and output are: the cartel theory, the kinked demand curve theory, and the price leadership theory. The key behavioral assumption of the cartel theory is that oligopolists in an industry act as if there were only one firm in the industry. In short, they form a cartel in order to capture the benefits that would exist for a monopolist. A cartel is an organization of firms that reduces output and increases price in an effort to increase joint profits. The problem with forming a cartel is that it can be costly, especially when the number of sellers is large. Another behavioral assumption is the kinked demand curve theory. This is a theory of oligopoly that assumes that if a single firm in the industry cuts price, other firms will do likewise, but if is raises price, other firms will not follow. It has been argued that firms match price cuts because if they do not, they will lose a large share of the market. They do not match price hikes because they hope to gain market share. This theory predicts price stickiness or rigidity. .uf61699075f738bf4914b9e1eedaec291 , .uf61699075f738bf4914b9e1eedaec291 .postImageUrl , .uf61699075f738bf4914b9e1eedaec291 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf61699075f738bf4914b9e1eedaec291 , .uf61699075f738bf4914b9e1eedaec291:hover , .uf61699075f738bf4914b9e1eedaec291:visited , .uf61699075f738bf4914b9e1eedaec291:active { border:0!important; } .uf61699075f738bf4914b9e1eedaec291 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf61699075f738bf4914b9e1eedaec291 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf61699075f738bf4914b9e1eedaec291:active , .uf61699075f738bf4914b9e1eedaec291:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf61699075f738bf4914b9e1eedaec291 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf61699075f738bf4914b9e1eedaec291 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf61699075f738bf4914b9e1eedaec291 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf61699075f738bf4914b9e1eedaec291 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf61699075f738bf4914b9e1eedaec291:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf61699075f738bf4914b9e1eedaec291 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf61699075f738bf4914b9e1eedaec291 .uf61699075f738bf4914b9e1eedaec291-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf61699075f738bf4914b9e1eedaec291:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Parts of Speech Essay SummaryThe key behavioral assumption in the price leadership theory is that one firm in the industry determines price, and all other firms take their price as given. At one time or another, the following firms have been price leaders in their industries: R. J. Reynolds, General Motors, Kellogg, and Goodyear Tire and Rubber tires. By analyzing the four theories of market structure, one is able to see the differences and similarities of each. One may also see the type of consumer behavior that each firm presents when prices are increased or decreased.